On a recent trip to Italy to visit family living overseas,
it was hard not to acknowledge the treasure trove of building methods and
techniques started by the Greeks and Etruscans, refined by the Romans, and
copied ever since throughout the world. Even in the residential subdivisions and urban infill projects of today,
a variety of architectural elements and exterior elevations continue to borrow
from ideas of the past.
After inventing a cold-method process for creating concrete
around 200 B.C., the Romans went on to build roads, temples and palaces, many
of which, when excavated, were still partly standing up to 2,000 years later or
more.
But it was probably their expertise with arch-based structures which allowed them to expand, strengthen
and defend their territory to a much larger empire with the use of bridges,
aqueducts and gates. Due to the way in
which arches transfer forces to the surrounding foundation, such structures
tend to both strong and long-lasting, which is why you’ll still see remnants of
arch-based aqueducts throughout Italy today.
These arches soon morphed into vault-type roofing and then
domes, which, after being first used in the Roman marketplace, were eventually
instrumental in creating many large interior spaces, including halls, temples
and Catholic basilicas still standing today. Over time, other influences, especially from the Ottoman Empire, also
imprinted their own design cues on the practical arch.
While our large public spaces of today often include obvious
design cues from the Greeks and Romans with their rows of high columns and
detailed porticos, the influence of the ancient, Renaissance, Baroque and
Colonial periods of history continue to be used in many new homes today.
In the U.S., because the country was colonized by so many different types of Europeans, colonial architecture can
also include design cues from Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and France. When the industrial age made mass production
and transportation more affordable over rail lines, various elaborate Victorian
homes sprung up in even more modest neighborhoods.
For a luxury builder such as Toll Bros. today, which can
invest in more exterior details than a entry-level builder, it’s not surprising
to see such classic elevation choices in California as the Mediterranean, with
its finished columns supporting multiple arches and accompanied by balustrade
balconies. Or the Italianate, with a more under-stated, Baroque elevation characterized by several large stone walls
in the front, an arched entryway, and a two-story foyer capped by a small
dome. Or even the Tuscan, featuring an
earthier look including a wall of natural-looking stone but keeping the arched
entry and the domed foyer.
In other locations such as suburban Pennyslvania, however,
builders such as Toll pull from a more recent palette for their estate homes on
one acre of more. In this case, buyers
might opt for the colonial-esque Williamsburg, with an elevation of small
bricks with multiple gabled roofs. Or
perhaps the Federal, which offers a similar, conservative look but with
toned-down brick colors.Or even the
Farmhouse, which evokes more of a Prairie-home look with a wooden cladding
exterior, multiple gables and a covered porch.
Not surprisingly, most of these architectural design choices
are generally matched to the local climate, but builders haven’t always brought
in the outside as much as they do today.
This is certainly good to see, as the ancient homes of Pompei and
Herculaneum – both victims of the infamous Mt. Vesuvius eruption of AD79
--were often quite large, and almost always included a central, unroofed space including gardens, fountains and
cisterns around which the rest of the home was built.
I think what struck me most about seeing
these ancient communities was just how well these people were living two
millennia ago without modern conveniences such as electricity, indoor plumbing
in the home (that was generally reserved for the public bath houses) or central
heating.
Once the Roman Empire collapsed in the late 400s AD – and
other than some clever inventions by royals in Britain and France --- it wasn’t
until 1829 that we saw the re-introduction of commercial indoor plumbing, in
this case at Boston’s Tremont Hotel.
And, whereas the City of Rome was the first city to boast one million
residents as early as 133 B.C., it wasn’t until 1810 that the City of London
was able to match those numbers.
In those intervening years of the Dark Ages, the Renaissance and the Industrial
Revolution, many great ideas about home building and urban planning were lost
to history. It’s nice to see them being
appreciated again.
